原发性干燥综合征合并自身免疫性肝病的临床特点及预后分析

目的:分析原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren’s syndrome,pSS)合并自身免疫性肝病(autoimmune liver disease,ALD)的临床特点和预后。方法:回顾性分析浙江大学医学院附属第一医院2014年2月至2017年12月住院的pSS患者,比较pSS伴或不伴ALD两组间的临床表现和预后的差异。结果:共纳入203例pSS患者,其中合并ALD者68例(自身免疫性肝炎31例,原发性胆汁性胆管炎37例),不合并ALD者135例。两组间年龄、性别比例、口干、眼干、疼痛、乏力、淋巴结肿大、涎腺肿大、皮疹、肺部病变、肾脏受累等临床表现,其他免疫性疾病(如自身免疫性甲状腺疾病、类风湿关节炎和血管炎)的发生率,抗核抗体(antinuclear antibody,ANA)滴度,抗干燥综合征A抗体(Sjögren’s syndrome A antibody,SSA)、SSA52、抗干燥综合征B抗体(Sjögren’s syndrome B antibody,SSB)阳性率,红细胞沉降率和C反应蛋白水平差异均无统计学意义。pSS合并ALD的患者病程较短、抗线粒体-M2抗体 (anti-mitochondrial M2 antibody, AMA-M2)和抗着丝点抗体阳性率高,IgG、IgM水平高,C3水平低,血细胞减少,肝脏相关血清学指标(如谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素)水平升高,肝硬化的比例增加,死亡事件明显增多(死亡率13.24% vs. 2.96%, P=0.013),预后更差。二元Logistic回归分析发现,pSS合并ALD的患者出现死亡事件的不良因素为肝硬化、EULAR干燥综合征疾病活动性指数评分(the EULAR Sjögren’s syndrome disease activity index,ESSDAI)和总胆红素水平。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线提示合并ALD的患者生存率低于对照组。结论:pSS合并ALD的患者病情更重、死亡事件发生率高,需要临床重视并加强对症治疗。     

63例高级别胶质瘤中IDH1和TERT突变状态的预后价值

目的:探讨异柠檬酸脱氢酶-1（IDH1）和端粒酶逆转录酶（TERT）启动子突变对高级别胶质瘤患者的预后价值。方法:选取2014年9月至2017年6月于我院行手术切除且术后病理提示为高级别胶质瘤的患者63例（WHO Ⅲ级27例，Ⅳ级36例），完善临床资料、随访资料、分子检测结果。应用Sanger测序法检测样本中IDH1和TERT启动子突变情况，根据结果将患者分为不同亚组，通过比较其生存期的差异，分析基因突变与患者预后的关系。结果:63例高级别胶质瘤中，IDH1突变型和野生型患者的中位生存期分别为24和10个月，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）；TERT突变型和野生型的中位生存期无明显差异（P＞0.05）。IDH1突变为高级别胶质瘤患者预后良好的因素，TERT突变不能单独提示预后，二者联合分析提示:IDH1突变／TERT突变组预后最好，IDH1野生／TERT突变组预后最差，IDH1突变／TERT野生组预后稍好于IDH1野生／TERT野生组，四组间预后有明显差异。结论:IDH1突变的高级别胶质瘤患者有较好的临床预后，在此基础上，TERT启动子突变检测有助于进一步划分其预后分层。     

光叶决明中1个新的二聚苯丙素类化合物

目的对决明属植物光叶决明Cassia floribunda茎叶的化学成分进行研究。方法运用硅胶、MCI、RP-18、TLC、HPLC等多种色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果从光叶决明90%乙醇提取物中分离得到18个化合物,分别鉴定为决明顺反二聚苯丙素(1)、反式对羟基肉桂酸乙酯(2)、shonanin(3)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(4)、1,6,8-三羟基-3-甲基蒽醌(5)、2,5-二甲基-7-羟基-色原酮(6)、2-(2′-羟丙基)-5-甲基-7-羟基色酮(7)、4′,7-二羟基-5-甲氧基黄酮(8)、柯伊利素(9)、山柰酚(10)、芹菜素(11)、3-甲氧基槲皮素(12)、6-demethoxycapillarisin(13)、7,4′-二羟基黄酮(14)、木犀草素(15)、butin(16)、甘草素(17)和圣草酚(18)。结论化合物1为新的苯丙素类化合物;化合物2～18均为首次从该植物中分离得到,其中,化合物2～4、8、9、11、13、14、16～18为首次从决明属植物中分离得到。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺靶向活检的应用进展

超声引导下系统性活检为目前前列腺癌诊断的金标准，然而由于系统性穿刺难以定位病灶，因此阴性率较高。近年来，随着新技术的发展，前列腺靶向穿刺活检越来越多的应用于临床。本文就前列腺靶向活检的临床应用进展做一综述。     

Prevalence and clinical impact of TP53 germline mutations in Chinese women with breast cancer

The prevalence and clinical relevance of TP53 germline mutations in a large unselected breast cancer series are largely unknown. Here, we determined TP53 germline mutations in a large cohort of 10,053 unselected breast cancer patients through multigene panel-based next-generation and/or Sanger sequencing assays. We found that 0.5% of patients (50 cases) carried a pathogenic TP53 germline mutation in this large series of 10,053 unselected breast cancer patients, and the prevalence of TP53 germline mutation was 3.8% in very early onset breast cancer (age ≤30 years) in this large cohort. TP53 mutation carriers were significantly more likely to have early onset cancer (p < 0.001) and bilateral breast cancer (p = 0.03), they and were significantly more likely to respond to carboplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to anthracycline- or taxane-based regimen in terms of pathologic complete response (50% vs. 0%, p = 0.006). At the median follow-up of 54 months, TP53 mutation was an independent unfavorable factor for recurrence-free survival (RFS), distant recurrence-free survival (DRFS), and overall survival (OS) (RFS, adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–4.33, p = 0.02; DRFS, adjusted HR: 2.73, 95% CI: 1.41–5.30, p = 0.003; OS, adjusted HR: 4.60, 95% CI: 2.26–9.41, p < 0.001) in multivariate analyses. Our study suggested that TP53 germline mutations occur more frequently in very early onset unselected breast cancer patients; and TP53 germline mutation carriers have a very poor survival and may benefit from carboplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in unselected breast cancer patients.     

MicroRNA‐375‐3p enhances chemosensitivity to 5‐fluorouracil by targeting thymidylate synthase in colorectal cancer

Resistance to chemotherapy is a major challenge for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous studies have found that microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in drug resistance; however, the role of miRNA‐373‐3p (miR‐375‐3p) in CRC remains unclear. The current study aimed to explore the potential function of miR‐375‐3p in 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) resistance. MicroRNA‐375‐3p was found to be widely downregulated in human CRC cell lines and tissues and to promote the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5‐FU by inducing colon cancer cell apoptosis and cycle arrest and by inhibiting cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro. Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) was found to be a direct target of miR‐375‐3p, and TYMS knockdown exerted similar effects as miR‐375‐3p overexpression on the CRC cellular response to 5‐FU. Lipid‐coated calcium carbonate nanoparticles (NPs) were designed to cotransport 5‐FU and miR‐375‐3p into cells efficiently and rapidly and to release the drugs in a weakly acidic tumor microenvironment. The therapeutic effect of combined miR‐375 + 5‐FU/NPs was significantly higher than that of the individual treatments in mouse s.c. xenografts derived from HCT116 cells. Our results suggest that restoring miR‐375‐3p levels could be a future novel therapeutic strategy to enhance chemosensitivity to 5‐FU.     

Gene rearrangements of MLL and RUNX1 sporadically occur in normal CD34+ cells under cytokine stimulation

Gene rearrangements of MLL/KMT2A or RUNX1 are the major cause of therapy‐related leukemia. Moreover, MLL rearrangements are the major cause of infant leukemia, and RUNX1 rearrangements are frequently detected in cord blood. These genes are sensitive to topoisomerase II inhibitors, and various genes have been identified as potential fusion partners. However, fetal exposure to these inhibitors is rare. Therefore, we postulated that even a proliferation signal itself might induce gene rearrangements in hematopoietic stem cells. To test this hypothesis, we detected gene rearrangements in etoposide‐treated or non–treated CD34⁺ cells cultured with cytokines using inverse PCR. In the etoposide‐treated cells, variable‐sized rearrangement bands were detected in the RUNX1 and MLL genes at 3 hours of culture, which decreased after 7 days. However, more rearrangement bands were detected in the non–treated cells at 7 days of culture. Such gene rearrangements were also detected in peripheral blood stem cells mobilized by cytokines for transplantation. However, none of these rearranged genes encoded the leukemogenic oncogene, and the cells with rearrangements did not expand. These findings suggest that MLL and RUNX1 rearrangements, which occur with very low frequency in normal hematopoietic progenitor cells, may be induced under cytokine stimulation. Most of the cells with gene rearrangements are likely eliminated, except for leukemia‐associated gene rearrangements, resulting in the low prevalence of leukemia development.     

甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠对自身免疫性肺气肿模型大鼠氧化应激和抗内皮细胞抗体的影响

目的:研究甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠对自身免疫性肺气肿模型大鼠氧化应激和抗内皮细胞抗体(AECA)的影响。方法:将雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和干预组,每组8只。除对照组大鼠腹腔注射等体积的完全弗氏佐剂外,模型组和干预组大鼠均腹腔注射体外培养的人脐静脉内皮细胞+完全弗氏佐剂混合物以复制自身免疫性肺气肿模型;造模给药后第2天,干预组大鼠腹腔注射甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠10 mg/(kg·d),对照组和模型组大鼠均腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水,每日1次,连续21 d。末次给药后,取各组大鼠右肺组织制作石蜡切片并行苏木精-伊红染色,观察肺组织病理变化,测量单位面积内的肺泡数(MAN)和内衬间隔(MLI);检测左肺肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,以及BALF和血清中AECA含量。采用Pearson分析模型组大鼠BALF中AECA与MDA、GSH、SOD、GSH-Px的相关性。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠肺组织可见明显的肺气肿病理变化,其MAN显著减少,MLI显著延长(P<0.01);BALF中GSH含量和SOD、GSH-Px活性均显著降低,BALF中MDA含量以及BALF、血清中AECA含量均显著升高(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,干预组大鼠肺组织的肺气肿病理变化明显改善,其MAN显著增加,MLI显著缩短(P<0.01);BALF中GSH含量和SOD、GSH-Px活性均显著升高;BALF中MDA含量以及BALF、血清中AECA含量均显著降低(P<0.01)。模型组大鼠BALF中的AECA与MDA呈正相关(r=0.710,P<0.05),与GSH、SOD、GSH-Px呈负相关(r=-0.754、-0.781、-0.736,P<0.05)。结论:甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠可能通过减轻氧化应激反应、抑制AECA的表达,从而达到预防自身免疫性肺气肿的目的。     

Double-balloon enteroscopy for retrieving retained small-bowel video capsule endoscopes: a systematic review

Abstract

Background and aim: Capsule retention is the most common adverse event associated with video capsule endoscopy. The use of double-balloon enteroscopy-assisted capsule endoscope retrieval has been increasingly reported in recent years. However, evidence is limited regarding its success rate, associated factors, and subsequent clinical outcomes.

Methods: A systematic review of relevant studies published before January 2019 was performed. Successful retrieval rate and associated factors, rate of endoscopic balloon dilation, and outcomes after double-balloon enteroscopy were summarized and pooled.

Results: Within 154 associated original articles, 12 including 150 cases of capsule retrieval by double-balloon enteroscopy were included. The estimated pooled successful retrieval rate was 86.5% (95% confidence interval, 75.6–95.1%). Anterograde approach and capsules retained in the jejunum or trapped by malignant strictures were associated with a higher successful retrieval rate than the retrograde approach (62/83 [74.7%] vs. 10/38 [26.3%], p?<?.001) and capsules retained in the ileum (41/41 [100.0%] vs. 43/58 [74.1%], p?<?.001) or trapped by benign strictures (21/21 [100.0%] vs. 65/83 [78.3%], p?=?.043). Endoscopic balloon dilation was performed in 38.8% (95% confidence interval, 22.3–56.3%) of patients with benign strictures. Two perforations (1.3%) were reported as severe adverse events after double-balloon enteroscopy. A significantly lower surgery rate was found among cases with successful video capsule removal compared with unsuccessful cases (7.2% vs. 38.5%, p?=?.002).

Conclusions: Double-balloon enteroscopy is feasible and safe for removing retained video capsule endoscopes, and its use could decrease the need for surgery in patients with benign strictures and facilitate subsequent surgery in patients with malignant strictures.